Additional immunophenotypic markers useful in lineage assignment or subtyping of AML

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These markers can be used to identify myeloid lineage. They allow the diagnosis of AML if there are no lineage-defining markers of B-lineage or T-lineage. Alternatively, if lineage-defining markers of B-lineage or T-lineage are present then consider a diagnosis of MPAL

1. Additional markers that may support granulocytic maturation
Standard markers in AML generally allow assignment for granulocytic cases, other markers may be less specific
CD11b	A marker of both granulocytic and monocytic maturation, this marker has previously been associated with less good outcome in a number of studies

2. Additional markers that may support monocytic maturation
Standard markers in AML generally allow assignment for granulocytic cases, other markers may be less specific
CD11c	This marker is most associated with monocytic maturation in AML being fairly well corellated with CD11B, but overall probably less specific for monocytic differentiation that CD14

3. Additional markers Features associated with erythroid differentiation
Most often AML with erythroid maturation will express CD34, while CD45 and HLA-DR are weak or negative. CD117 is generally expressed. There may be some expression of megkaryocytic markers in some cases.
CD36	Expression is expected, but often expressed in other subtypes so not fully lineage specific
CD71	Frequently expressed though not fully lineage specific
CD235	A good marker of erythroid differentiation but acquired late and therefore may not be expressed

4. Additional markers Features associated with megakaryocytic differentiation
Most often CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR are weak or negative, although CD13 and CD33 may be expressed
CD41	Platelet glycoprotein IIbIIIa
CD61	Platelet glycoprotein IIIa
CD36	Relatively non-specific (seen in erythroid and monocytic leukaemias) but often strongly expressed