Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[Malaria_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Malaria_Biology|Malaria Biology Index]]''
>>>Current page: '''Biology of the trophozoite'''

----
The biology of the trophozoite stage
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:light gray"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: white"|
'''The starting point'''All malaria parasites appear as "ring forms" ofter they first enter the red cell and initially all species share the same features and are very difficult to distinguish. The appearance of a ring is shown below comprising a the dark chromatin dot (Chr) - this is occasionally a double dot; pale blue cytoplasm (Cyt) surrounding a central vacuole (Vac).However, during this trophozoite stage the parasite progressively develops to allow it to eventually form a schizont or gametocyte. This require numerous changes - some of which differ between species, and are used to as features to distinguish them (see descriptions below).
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2.jpg}}
File:ET_stage_1c.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1c.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Feeding'''The development of the parasite requires energy and protein - the protein is acquired through the metabolism of haemoglobin. This is ongoing throughout all stages, but the effects first become apparent in the late trophozoite stage where two changes may be observed. First, the red cell changes colour compared to normal red cells as parasites metabolise the globin (protein) part of the haemoglobin molecule. As a result, red cells begin to lose haemoglobin pigment (for an appropriately stained slide this means they become paler grey). Second, the detoxification of the haem element of haemoglobin results in the formation of the parasite-produced "haemozoin" which can be seen as [[malaria pigment biology|malaria pigment]].These changes may not be that obvious during the trophozoite stage, and the change to pallor or the appearance of the pigment may differ between species, but will generally be detected by the late trophzoite stage (shown below for a late trophozoite of ''P.malaria'').
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_1_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1_title.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Communication, nutrition and immune evasion'''Parasites are not simply passive passengers within red cells. They require nutrition and to remove toxing. The parasites may also modify the red cell to avoid destruction by the immune system. To do this they modify the erythrocyte in a range of ways. Many of these changes are not seen by standard microscopy, but the formation of visible "dot-like" stuctures represent one such modification. [[Different types of cytoplasmic dots may (to a greater or lesser extent) seen in all species]] depending on staining characteristics. However, the best known are the Schüffner's or James' dots seen in ''P.vivax'' and ''P.ovale'', or the Maurer's dosts and clefts of ''P.falciparum''. The parasite images below show first the frequent pink/purple Schüffner's dots in ''P.vivax'' then Maurer's dots and clefts in ''P.falciparum''.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2_title.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_1.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_2.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Cytoskeleton and adhesion'''A further red cell modification affects the red cell cytoskeleton. Like other features the nature of the changes differs between species. The purpose of the changes are not fully clear in each case, but it is clear that red cells containing parasites differ in adhesion properties when compared with uninfected cells, a change that is likely to alter their interaction with the immune system or allow them to sequester in particular compartments of the circulation. The changes to [[Altered red cell size and shape|red cell size and shape]] are described in separate sections, and also in the "Species recognition" pages. Two particularly characteristic features, the substantial enlargement and irregularity of ''P.vivax'' and the extended processes (fimbriation) that are typical of ''P.ovale'' are shown below.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_3_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_3_title.jpg}}
File:LT_size_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_size_1.jpg}}
File:LT_size_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_size_2.jpg}}
</gallery>

File:LT size 2.jpg

2024-11-12T15:30:24Z

Admin:

File:LT size 1.jpg

2024-11-12T15:29:55Z

Admin:

2024-11-12T14:34:30Z

Biology of the trophozoite stage

2024-11-12T14:33:25Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[Malaria_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Malaria_Biology|Malaria Biology Index]]''
>>>Current page: '''Biology of the trophozoite'''

----
The biology of the trophozoite stage
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:light gray"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: white"|
'''The starting point'''All malaria parasites appear as "ring forms" ofter they first enter the red cell and initially all species share the same features and are very difficult to distinguish. The appearance of a ring is shown below comprising a the dark chromatin dot (Chr) - this is occasionally a double dot; pale blue cytoplasm (Cyt) surrounding a central vacuole (Vac).However, during this trophozoite stage the parasite progressively develops to allow it to eventually form a schizont or gametocyte. This require numerous changes - some of which differ between species, and are used to as features to distinguish them (see descriptions below).
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2.jpg}}
File:ET_stage_1c.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1c.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Feeding'''The development of the parasite requires energy and protein - the protein is acquired through the metabolism of haemoglobin. This is ongoing throughout all stages, but the effects first become apparent in the late trophozoite stage where two changes may be observed. First, the red cell changes colour compared to normal red cells as parasites metabolise the globin (protein) part of the haemoglobin molecule. As a result, red cells begin to lose haemoglobin pigment (for an appropriately stained slide this means they become paler grey). Second, the detoxification of the haem element of haemoglobin results in the formation of the parasite-produced "haemozoin" which can be seen as [[malaria pigment biology|malaria pigment]].These changes may not be that obvious during the trophozoite stage, and the change to pallor or the appearance of the pigment may differ between species, but will generally be detected by the late trophzoite stage (shown below for a late trophozoite of ''P.malaria'').
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_1_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1_title.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Communication, nutrition and immune evasion'''Parasites are not simply passive passengers within red cells. They require nutrition and to remove toxing. The parasites may also modify the red cell to avoid destruction by the immune system. To do this they modify the erythrocyte in a range of ways. Many of these changes are not seen by standard microscopy, but the formation of visible "dot-like" stuctures represent one such modification. Best known are the Schüffner's or James' dots seen in ''P.viax'' and ''P.ovale'', or the Maurer's dosts and clefts of ''P.falciparum'', but less bvious dots are seen in other species. The parasite images below show first the frequent pink/purple Schüffner's dots in ''P.vivax'' then Maurer's dots and clefts in ''P.falciparum''.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2_title.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_1.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_2.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Cytoskeleton and adhesion'''A further red cell modification affects the red cell cytoskeleton. Like other features the nature of the changes differs between species. The purpose of the changes are not fully clear in each case, but it is clear that red cells containing parasites differ in adhesion properties when compared with uninfected cells, a change that is likely to alter their interaction with the immune system or allow them to sequester in particular compartments of the circulation. The changes to [[Altered red cell size and shape|red cell size and shape]] are described in separate sections, and also in the "Species recognition" pages. However, two particularly characteristic features are shown below.

Biology of the trophozoite stage

2024-11-12T14:30:32Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[Malaria_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Malaria_Biology|Malaria Biology Index]]''
>>>Current page: '''Biology of the trophozoite'''

----
The biology of the trophozoite stage
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:light gray"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: white"|
'''The starting point'''All malaria parasites appear as "ring forms" ofter they first enter the red cell and initially all species share the same features and are very difficult to distinguish. The appearance of a ring is shown below comprising a the dark chromatin dot (Chr) - this is occasionally a double dot; pale blue cytoplasm (Cyt) surrounding a central vacuole (Vac).However, during this trophozoite stage the parasite progressively develops to allow it to eventually form a schizont or gametocyte. This require numerous changes - some of which differ between species, and are used to as features to distinguish them (see descriptions below).
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2.jpg}}
File:ET_stage_1c.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1c.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Feeding'''The development of the parasite requires energy and protein - the protein is acquired through the metabolism of haemoglobin. This is ongoing throughout all stages, but the effects first become apparent in the late trophozoite stage where two changes may be observed. First, the red cell changes colour compared to normal red cells as parasites metabolise the globin (protein) part of the haemoglobin molecule. As a result, red cells begin to lose haemoglobin pigment (for an appropriately stained slide this means they become paler grey). Second, the detoxification of the haem element of haemoglobin results in the formation of the parasite-produced "haemozoin" which can be seen as [[malaria pigment biology|malaria pigment]].These changes may not be that obvious during the trophozoite stage, and the change to pallor or the appearance of the pigment may differ between species, but will generally be detected by the late trophzoite stage (shown below for a late trophozoite of ''P.malaria'').
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_1_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1_title.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Communication, nutrition and immune evasion'''Parasites are not simply passive passengers within red cells. They require nutrition and to remove toxing. The parasites may also modify the red cell to avoid destruction by the immune system. To do this they modify the erythrocyte in a range of ways. Many of these changes are not seen by standard microscopy, but the formation of visible "dot-like" stuctures represent one such modification. Best known are the Schüffner's or James' dots seen in ''P.viax'' and ''P.ovale'', or the Maurer's dosts and clefts of ''P.falciparum'', but less bvious dots are seen in other species. The parasite images below show first the frequent pink/purple Schüffner's dots in ''P.vivax'' then Maurer's dots and clefts in ''P.falciparum''.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2_title.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_1.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_2.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Cytoskeleton and adhesion'''A further red cell modification affects the red cell cytoskeleton. Like other features the nature of the changes differs between species. The purpose of the changes are not fully clear in each case, but it is clear that red cells containing parasites differ in adhesion properties when compared with uninfected cells, a change that is likely to alter their interaction with the immune system or allow them to sequester in particular compartments of the circulation. The changes to red cell size and shape are described in separate sections, and also in the "Species recognition" pages. However, two particularly characteristic features are shown below.

Biology of the trophozoite stage

2024-11-12T11:01:51Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[Malaria_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Malaria_Biology|Malaria Biology Index]]''
>>>Current page: '''Biology of the trophozoite'''

----
The biology of the trophozoite stage
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:light gray"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: white"|
'''The starting point'''All malaria parasites appear as "ring forms" ofter they first enter the red cell and initially all species share the same features and are very difficult to distinguish. The appearance of a ring is shown below comprising a the dark chromatin dot (Chr) - this is occasionally a double dot; pale blue cytoplasm (Cyt) surrounding a central vacuole (Vac).However, during this trophozoite stage the parasite progressively develops to allow it to eventually form a schizont or gametocyte. This require numerous changes - some of which differ between species, and are used to as features to distinguish them (see descriptions below).
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2.jpg}}
File:ET_stage_1c.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1c.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Feeding'''The development of the parasite requires energy and protein - the protein is acquired through the metabolism of haemoglobin. This is ongoing throughout all stages, but the effects first become apparent in the late trophozoite stage where two changes may be observed. First, the red cell changes colour compared to normal red cells as parasites metabolise the globin (protein) part of the haemoglobin molecule. As a result, red cells begin to lose haemoglobin pigment (for an appropriately stained slide this means they become paler grey). Second, the detoxification of the haem element of haemoglobin results in the formation of the parasite-produced "haemozoin" which can be seen as [[malaria pigment biology|malaria pigment]].These changes may not be that obvious during the trophozoite stage, and the change to pallor or the appearance of the pigment may differ between species, but will generally be detected by the late trophzoite stage (shown below for a late trophozoite of ''P.malaria'').
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_1_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1_title.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Communication, nutrition and immune evasion'''Parasites are not simply passive passengers within red cells. They require nutrition and to remove toxing. The parasites may also modify the red cell to avoid destruction by the immune system. To do this they modify the erythrocyte in a range of ways. Many of these changes are not seen by standard microscopy, but the formation of visible "dot-like" stuctures represent one such modification. Best known are the Schüffner's or James' dots seen in ''P.viax'' and ''P.ovale'', or the Maurer's dosts and clefts of ''P.falciparum'', but less bvious dots are seen in other species. The parasite images below show first the frequent pink/purple Schüffner's dots in ''P.vivax'' then Maurer's dots and clefts in ''P.falciparum''.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2_title.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_1.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_2.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Cytoskeleton and adhesion'''

Biology of the trophozoite stage

2024-11-12T11:00:42Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[Malaria_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Malaria_Biology|Malaria Biology Index]]''
>>>Current page: '''Biology of the trophozoite'''

----
The biology of the trophozoite stage
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:light gray"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: white"|
'''The starting point'''All malaria parasites appear as "ring forms" ofter they first enter the red cell and initially all species share the same features and are very difficult to distinguish. The appearance of a ring is shown below comprising a the dark chromatin dot (Chr) - this is occasionally a double dot; pale blue cytoplasm (Cyt) surrounding a central vacuole (Vac).However, during this trophozoite stage the parasite progressively develops to allow it to eventually form a schizont or gametocyte. This require numerous changes - some of which differ between species, and are used to as features to distinguish them (see descriptions below).
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2.jpg}}
File:ET_stage_1c.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1c.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Feeding'''The development of the parasite requires energy and protein - the protein is acquired through the metabolism of haemoglobin. This is ongoing throughout all stages, but the effects first become apparent in the late trophozoite stage where two changes may be observed. First, the red cell changes colour compared to normal red cells as parasites metabolise the globin (protein) part of the haemoglobin molecule. As a result, red cells begin to lose haemoglobin pigment (for an appropriately stained slide this means they become paler grey). Second, the detoxification of the haem element of haemoglobin results in the formation of the parasite-produced "haemozoin" which can be seen as [[malaria pigment biology|malaria pigment]].These changes may not be that obvious during the trophozoite stage, and the change to pallor or the appearance of the pigment may differ between species, but will generally be detected by the late trophzoite stage (shown below for a late trophozoite of ''P.malaria'').
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_1_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1_title.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Communication, nutrition and immune evasion'''Parasites are not simply passive passengers within red cells. They require nutrition and to remove toxing. The parasites may also modify the red cell to avoid destruction by the immune system. To do this they modify the erythrocyte in a range of ways. Many of these changes are not seen by standard microscopy, but the formation of visible "dot-like" stuctures represent one such modification. Best known are the Schüffner's or James' dots seen in ''P.viax'' and ''P.ovale'', or the Maurer's dosts and clefts of ''P.falciparum'', but less bvious dots are seen in other species. The parasite images below show first the frequent pink/purple Schüffner's dots in ''P.vivax'' then Maurer's dots and clefts in ''P.falciparum''.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2_title.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_1.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_2.jpg}}
</gallery>

Biology of the trophozoite stage

2024-11-12T10:58:58Z

Admin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
----
'''Navigation'''
>[[Malaria_Index|Main Malaria Index]]''
>>[[Malaria_Biology|Malaria Biology Index]]''
>>>Current page: '''Biology of the trophozoite'''

----
The biology of the trophozoite stage
----

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 4px; border-color:light gray"
|colspan="1" style = "font-size:100%; color:black; background: white"|
'''The starting point'''All malaria parasites appear as "ring forms" ofter they first enter the red cell and initially all species share the same features and are very difficult to distinguish. The appearance of a ring is shown below comprising a the dark chromatin dot (Chr) - this is occasionally a double dot; pale blue cytoplasm (Cyt) surrounding a central vacuole (Vac).However, during this trophozoite stage the parasite progressively develops to allow it to eventually form a schizont or gametocyte. This require numerous changes - some of which differ between species, and are used to as features to distinguish them (see descriptions below).
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2.jpg}}
File:ET_stage_1c.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1c.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Feeding'''The development of the parasite requires energy and protein - the protein is acquired through the metabolism of haemoglobin. This is ongoing throughout all stages, but the effects first become apparent in the late trophozoite stage where two changes may be observed. First, the red cell changes colour compared to normal red cells as parasites metabolise the globin (protein) part of the haemoglobin molecule. As a result, red cells begin to lose haemoglobin pigment (for an appropriately stained slide this means they become paler grey). Second, the detoxification of the haem element of haemoglobin results in the formation of the parasite-produced "haemozoin" which can be seen as [[malaria pigment biology|malaria pigment]].These changes may not be that obvious during the trophozoite stage, and the change to pallor or the appearance of the pigment may differ between species, but will generally be detected by the late trophzoite stage (shown below for a late trophozoite of ''P.malaria'').
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_1_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_1_title.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism.jpg}}
File:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_Hb_metabolism-label.jpg}}
</gallery>
----
'''Communicating and modifying'''Parasites are not simply passive passengers within red cells. They require nutrition and to remove toxing. The parasites may also modify the red cell to avoid destruction by the immune system. To do this they modify the erythrocyte in a range of ways. Many of these changes are not seen by standard microscopy, but the formation of visible "dot-like" stuctures represent one such modification. Best known are the Schüffner's or James' dots seen in ''P.viax'' and ''P.ovale'', or the Maurer's dosts and clefts of ''P.falciparum'', but less bvious dots are seen in other species. The parasite images below show first the frequent pink/purple Schüffner's dots in ''P.vivax'' then Maurer's dots and clefts in ''P.falciparum''.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=200px heights=200px>
File:ET_stage_2_title.jpg||link={{filepath:ET_stage_2_title.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_1.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_1.jpg}}
File:LT_dots_2.jpg||link={{filepath:LT_dots_2.jpg}}
</gallery>