The flow cytometric diagnosis of AML
From haematologyetc.co.uk
| 1. The immunophenotype of the blast cells should be consistent with their "primitive" nature |
Assigning primitive nature in most cases is straightforward, but some sun-types of AML may present difficulties.
| Demonstrating primitive phenotype in AML |
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| Primitive phenotype: In most cases, cells of AML will demonstrate typical features of immature cells with: weak expression of CD45, and expression of CD34 and/or CD117 However, patterns are not always typical and difficult cases other markers of early differentiation may also help Click for a more detailed table of markers associated with primitive phenotype |
| Difficulties may occur where blast cells have significant maturation so their primitive nature may be less easy to demonstrate. |
| Difficulties: These are most frequently encountered in monocytic cases of AML, or in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) (although occasionally in other types). Click to see common patterns that may cause difficulty in assigning primitive phenotype |
| 2. The immunophenotype of the blast cells should allow myeloid lineage to be assigned |
The criteria to assign myeloid lineage in AML have been established, two alternative sets of criteria may be used (although most cases will meet both):
| Pattern A: AML diagnosis based on lineage-defining markers |
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| A myeloid lineage-defining marker pattern is present and no lineage-defining markers of T or B cells are present |
| Pattern B: AML diagnosis based on lineage-associated marker patterns |
| At least two myeloid lineage-associated markers are present and there are no lineage defining markers of T or B cells and no more than one T-cell or B-cell lineage-associated marker is present |
| 3. Alternative diagnoses should be considered and excluded |
In some cases lineage may be unclear - in such cases it is important to consider possible alternative diagnoses
Alternative potential diagnoses in difficult cases:
| Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukaemia (MPAL) | |
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| Consider MPAL: Where myeloid lineage can be assigned based on lineage-specific patterns but the cells also have marker patterns that meet the criteria to assign T or B cell lineage. Click for diagnostic criteria of MPAL | |
| Acute Undifferentiated Leukaemia (AUL) | |
| Consider AUL: In cases where the evidence is insufficient to assign myeloid lineage and there is insufficient evidence to assign to T-cell or B-cell lineage Click for diagnostic criteria of AUL | |
| Acute Leukaemia of ambiguous lineage not otherwise sepcified (ALAL-NOS) | |
| Consider ALAL-NOS: if classification to specific lineage is not possible but blast cells cannot be classed as AUL or MPAL. This is most often a useful provisional diagnosis - click here for details | |
| Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ETP-ALL) | |
| This disorder has diagnostic criteria sufficient to assign T cell lineage (cCD3 is expressed) but may express myeloid-associated antigens cases may share features with MPAL M/T Click for diagnostic criteria of ETP-ALL | |
| Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) | |
| Consider BPDCN: Generally in cases that resemble AUL (rarely AML), most often with skin rash. A specific marker profile should be sought: expression of bright CD4 and/or CD56 is expected. CD33 is frequently expressed but other myeloid markers are less frequent and MPO and CD34 should be absent. Look for specific additional markers as described in the diagnostic criteria. Click for diagnostic criteria of BPDCN |
*NOTE Some "non-lineage" markers are frequently expressed in AML and may be associated with specific AML subtypes, these do not necessarily indicate mixed phenotype (Click here for further detail). Other features should give concern for alternative diagnosis (see the table below more detailed guidance).