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(Created page with " <span style="color:navy">'''''DETAILS'''''</span> CD38 helps initiate the mobilsation of intracellular calcium, activating a wide array of cell functions that depend on cell type. In haematological cell types CD38 is widely expressed by lymphoid cells and by particular myeloid cells – often in a stage-specific manner. For B lymphocytes CD38 expression is acquired as stem cells commit to B-cell lineage, then lost as mature B cells emerge from bone marrow before be...")
 
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<div style="background-color: #E0EEEE; {{round corners}} padding: 2em 2em; margin-right: 5px;">




<span style="color:navy">'''''DETAILS'''''</span>
:<span style="color:navy">'''Summary'''</span>


CD38 helps initiate the mobilsation of intracellular calcium, activating a wide array of cell functions that depend on cell type. In haematological cell types CD38 is widely expressed by lymphoid cells and by particular myeloid cells – often in a stage-specific manner. For B lymphocytes CD38 expression is acquired as stem cells commit to B-cell lineage, then lost as mature B cells emerge from bone marrow before being re-acquired by germinal center cells and at the time of plasma cell differentiation. It is also expressed by NK cells and by activated T lymphocytes. CD38 is expressed by most early precursor cells, and by mature monocytes and granulocytes.
:CD38 helps mobilise intracellular calcium to activate a wide array of cell functions. In haematological cell types CD38 it is widely expressed by lymphoid cells B, T and NK) as well as myeloid precursor cells and mature myeloid cells.  
:CD38 has particular diagnostic importance  for lymphocytes where CD38 expression is acquired as stem cells commit to B-cell lineage, then is lost as mature B cells emerge from bone marrow before being re-acquired at the time of plasma cell differentiation.




<span style="color:navy">'''What is its diagnostic role?'''</span>  
</div>


The major value lies in its use together with CD138, (possibly also CD45 and light-scatter) to identify plasma cells. This may be valuable for diagnosis or monitoring of myeloma. However, CD38 is expressed by both normal and myelomatous plasma cells, and expression may be dimmer on neoplastic plasma cells. Significant CD38 expression (expression by more than 20% of cells) has been shown to predict poor outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. CD38 is commonly expressed on blasts of any lineage and therefore provides little diagnostic distinction.




<span style="color:navy">'''Other relevant information:'''</span> CD38 is a therapeutic target, daratumumab is a monoclonal antibody which binds to CD38 and is used in the treatment of myeloma.
 
<span style="color:navy">'''Normal expression and function'''</span>
 
The wide expression of CD38 limits its diagnostic value except in very specific circumstances:
*The co-expression of CD38 with CD138 can identify normal or neoplastic plasma cells
*Expression of CD38 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (>20% of cells) may associated with poorer outcome
 
 
 
<span style="color:navy">'''Other relevant information:'''</span>  
 
CD38 is a therapeutic target, daratumumab is a monoclonal antibody which binds to CD38 and is used in the treatment of myeloma.




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<span style="color:navy">'''''SUMMARY TABLES'''''</span>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"


{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; font-size:80%; width: 100%; height 20px;"
|-
|-
!colspan="8"|Expression of CD38 by primitive lymphoid cells: ALL and haematogones
!colspan="8"|'''Expression in primitive cell types'''</font>
|-  
|- <span style="font-size:70%">
! pro-B ALL !! early pre-B ALL !!pre-B ALL!! B-ALL !!pro-T ALL !!mature-T ALL !!AML !!Haematogones
!AML!!CMML !!B ALL !!BL ||T ALL !!ETP ALL !!MPAL ||Hgn</span>
|-
|-<span style="font-size:70%">
|style= "width: 100px; height: 20px; background: #006699; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #00b8e6; color:black"|2-20%*
|style="width: 100px; background: #006699; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #006699; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #006699; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #006699; color:black"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #006699; color:black"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #00b8e6; color:white"|*
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #004466; color:white"|stg
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%*
|-
|-
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:80%">''* low expression correlates with subtype e.g. APML''</span>


{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; width: 800px; height 20px;"
<span style="font-size:90%">'''Notes:''' ''*'' expression correlates with subtype, particularly APML. Expression by haematogones is very high. </span>


{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; font-size:80%; width: 100%; height 20px;"
|-
|-
!colspan="8"|Expression of CD38 by mature B cells: B-lymphoproliferative disorders
!colspan="8"|'''Expression in mature B cell neoplasms'''
|-  
|- <span style="font-size:70%">
! CLL !! MCL !!FL!! HCL !!HCv !!MZL!!LPL!!PCL
! CLL !! MCL !!FL!! MZL !! HCL !! DLBCL || LPL !! PCL
|-
|-<span style="font-size:70%">
|style= "width: 100px; background: #00b8e6; color:black"|*
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #00b8e6; color:black"|2-20%*
|style="width: 100px; background: #004466; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style="width: 100px; background: #004466; color:white"|**
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style= "width: 100px; background: #00b8e6; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style= "width: 100px; background: #00b8e6; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #00b8e6; color:black"|2-20%
|style="width: 100px; background: #004466; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%*
|style="width: 100px; background: #006699; color:white"|
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #006699; color:white"|40-80%
|style="width: 100px; background: #004466; color:white"|stg/mod
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%**
|-
|-
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:80%">''*May indicate adverse prognostic when present on more than 20% of cells''</span>


<span style="font-size:80%">''**May be weak''</span>
<span style="font-size:90%">'''Notes:''' Expression level in CLL and DLBCL may have prognostic value, plasma cells express the marker fairly consistently although the levels can vary. </span>
 


----


<span style="font-size:80%">'''''1. Colour key:''''' ''- the likelihood of any individual case expressing this marker, indicated by colour:''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; font-size:80%; width: 62.4%; height 40px;"
</span>
|-
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; font-size:80%; width: 600px; height: 20px;
!colspan="7"|'''Expression in mature T cell neoplasms'''
|-
! ATLL !! CTCL/Sezary !! T-PLL !! T-LGL !! NK-LGL
|-
|-
|style= "background: #E6FAFF; |Rare (<5%)
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style="background: #66e0ff;"|Possible (5-20%)
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style="background: #00b8e6;"|Likely (20-40%)
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style="background: #006699; color:white"|Frequent (40-80%)
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|style="background: #004466; color:white"|Expected (80-100%)
|style="width: 12.5%; background: #004466; color:white"|80-100%
|-
|-
|}
|}


<span style="font-size:80%">
'''''2. Text key''''': - ''where expression level is characteristic of a disorder this is indicated by text:''
</span>


<span style="font-size:80%">
----
'''abs''' = absent expression, '''wk''' = weak expression, '''mod''' = moderate expression, '''stg''' = strong expression, '''sub''' = expression may be on a sub-population of cells''
</span>

Latest revision as of 21:43, 4 July 2023


Summary
CD38 helps mobilise intracellular calcium to activate a wide array of cell functions. In haematological cell types CD38 it is widely expressed by lymphoid cells B, T and NK) as well as myeloid precursor cells and mature myeloid cells.
CD38 has particular diagnostic importance for lymphocytes where CD38 expression is acquired as stem cells commit to B-cell lineage, then is lost as mature B cells emerge from bone marrow before being re-acquired at the time of plasma cell differentiation.




Normal expression and function

The wide expression of CD38 limits its diagnostic value except in very specific circumstances:

  • The co-expression of CD38 with CD138 can identify normal or neoplastic plasma cells
  • Expression of CD38 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (>20% of cells) may associated with poorer outcome


Other relevant information:

CD38 is a therapeutic target, daratumumab is a monoclonal antibody which binds to CD38 and is used in the treatment of myeloma.



Expression in primitive cell types
AML CMML B ALL BL T ALL ETP ALL MPAL Hgn
2-20%* 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 80-100%*

Notes: * expression correlates with subtype, particularly APML. Expression by haematogones is very high.


Expression in mature B cell neoplasms
CLL MCL FL MZL HCL DLBCL LPL PCL
2-20%* 80-100% 80-100% 80-100% 2-20% 80-100%* 40-80% 80-100%**

Notes: Expression level in CLL and DLBCL may have prognostic value, plasma cells express the marker fairly consistently although the levels can vary.


Expression in mature T cell neoplasms
ATLL CTCL/Sezary T-PLL T-LGL NK-LGL
80-100% 80-100% 80-100% 80-100% 80-100%


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